Carica papaya, also known as papaya, is a tropical fruit plant originally from southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. It is now cultivated in most tropical countries, growing rapidly and fruiting within three years. The papaya tree is small and sparsely branched, with leaves arranged spirally at the top of the trunk. The fruit is a large berry, ripening to an amber to orange hue when soft. Papaya is consumed raw when ripe, either without skin or seeds, and cooked when unripe, often in curries, salads, or stews. Papaya skin, pulp, and seeds contain several phytochemicals, including carotenoids and polyphenols, as well as benzyl isothiocyanates and glucosinates. Papayas are dioecious, but almost all commercial papaya orchards contain only hermaphrodites, which can self-pollinate. The Hawaiian papaya is a genetically engineered cultivar, containing DNA of the papaya ringspot virus incorporated into the plant's DNA. Viruses, fungi, and pests pose a threat to papaya crops, including the papaya ringspot virus, mosaic virus, anthracnose fungus, powdery mildew fungus, and phytophthora blight.