The Douglas Fir, scientifically known as Pseudotsuga menziesii, is a remarkable evergreen conifer native to western North America. The common name pays tribute to David Douglas, a Scottish botanist who first recognized the species' exceptional qualities. Despite its name, the Douglas Fir is not a true fir and is more appropriately referred to as Douglas-fir or Douglas pine. Archibald Menzies, a Scottish physician and naturalist, contributed to the naming of the species with the specific epithet "menziesii." Coast Douglas Fir, also known as Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, can be found along the coast from British Columbia to central California, as well as in the Sierra Nevada. Another variety, Rocky Mountain or Interior Douglas Fir (P. menziesii var. glauca), grows at higher elevations and is better suited for areas outside of the Pacific Northwest.
Douglas Fir is a sizeable conifer that can reach heights of 50-80 feet in cultivation and up to over 300 feet in the wild. It stands out from other conifers due to its unique forked cone bracts. This tree thrives in medium to wet, well-drained soils with plenty of air and soil moisture. While it is well-suited for northern climates, it may not fare as well in hot, humid regions with periods of drought. Coast Douglas Fir has dark green needles with white banding underneath, and fallen or plucked needles leave circular leaf scars on the twigs. The trees start with a narrow pyramidal shape and eventually become more cylindrical as they lose lower branches with age.
Douglas Fir is highly valued for its useful wood and rapid growth, making it a preferred crop for timber companies who often replant clear-cut areas with this species. Additionally, the seeds of the Douglas Fir are a vital food source for small mammals such as mice, voles, shrews, and chipmunks.
For those looking to incorporate this majestic tree into their landscape, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, the Rocky Mountain variety of Douglas Fir, is particularly well-suited to colder climates. It has a slower growth rate and better winter hardiness, along with shorter cones and blue-green needles. This variety is recommended for midwestern climates where the species may not be as cold tolerant.
While the Douglas Fir is an exceptional timber and forest tree, it may not be the best choice for urban landscapes in cities or towns. However, it can thrive in the appropriate environment without any major issues related to insects or diseases.
Overall, the Douglas Fir is an extraordinary conifer with a rich history and variety of uses. Whether as an impressive specimen tree, as part of mass screenings, or even as a popular Christmas tree, the Douglas Fir continues to captivate with its beauty and resilience.