Wikipedia states: It is a pine native to the western Mediterranean region. The range extends from Portugal and Spain north to southern and western France, east to western Italy, and south to northern Morocco, with small outlying populations in Algeria and Malta (possibly introduced by man). It generally occurs at low to moderate altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600 m, but up to 2000 m in the south of its range in Morocco. It is a medium-size tree, reaching 20-35 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m, exceptionally 1.8 m. The bark is orange-red, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, somewhat thinner in the upper crown. The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, very stout (2 mm broad), 12-22 cm long, and bluish-green to distinctly yellowish-green. The cones are conic, 10-20 cm long and 4-6 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, or after being heated by a forest fire, to release the seeds, opening to 8-12 cm broad. The seeds are 8-10 mm long, with a 20-25 mm wing, and are wind-dispersed. Maritime Pine is closely related to Turkish Pine, Canary Island Pine and Aleppo Pine, which all share many features with it. It is a relatively non-variable species, with constant morphology over the entire range. Uses: It is widely planted for timber in its native area, being one of the most important trees in forestry in France, Spain and Portugal; the largest man-made forest in the world, at Les Landes in southwest France, is composed of this species. It is also a popular ornamental tree, often planted in parks and gardens in areas with warm temperate climates. It has become naturalised in parts of southern England, South Africa and Australia. It is a serious pest in parts of South Africa, where it is called the cluster pine (Stirton, 1978). It is also used as a source of flavonoids, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids; notably in the patented extract "pycnogenol". The patents for pycnogenol refer to Pinus maritima, an obsolete synonym for Pinus pinaster.

The Plants For A Future Database describes on its website: Pinus pinaster - Aiton. Maritime Pine Author Aiton. Botanical references 11, 50, 200 Family Pinaceae Genus Pinus Synonyms Pinus maritima - Mill. Pinus sylvestris - non L. Known Hazards The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in sensitive people[222]. Range Europe - W. Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain in some parts of the New Forest[81]. Habitat Coastal sands and dunes, it is also found on mountains inland. Edibility Rating 2 (1-5) Medicinal Rating 2 (1-5) Physical Characteristics An evergreen Tree growing to 20m by 7m at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 8. It is in leaf all year, in flower in May, and the seeds ripen in April. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind. The plant is not self-fertile. The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. The plant prefers acid and neutral soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure. Habitats Woodland Garden; Canopy; Edible Uses Edible Uses: Condiment. Seed - raw or cooked. Rich in oil, it has a resinous flavour. The seed is about 1cm long[200]. A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood[200]. Medicinal Uses Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. Miscellany. The turpentine obtained from the resin of all pine trees is antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge[4]. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections[4]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB[4]. Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers[4]. Other Uses Dye; Herbicide; Oil; Resin; Shelterbelt; Soil stabilization; Wood. Often planted as a shelterbelt along exposed coasts[11, 49, 59, 75, 81] and also to stabilize sandy soils[50, 89]. It is very tolerant of maritime exposure, but may require staking when it is young[75]. A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles[168]. The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat[201]. This species is the major source of resin in Europe, it is extensively planted, especially along the Atlantic coast of Europe[50, 64, 200]. Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile[64]. The resins are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood[4, 64]. In general, trees from warmer areas of distribution give the higher yields[64]. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the oleo-resin[64] and is separated by distillation[4, 64]. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc[4]. Rosin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc[4]. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc. Wood - rough carpentry, boxes, pit props etc. A source of pulp wood[11, 100]. Cultivation details Thrives in a light well-drained sandy or gravelly loam[1, 11]. Dislikes poorly drained moorland soils[1] and shady positions. Established plants tolerate drought[200]. Succeeds in poor dry sandy soils[185]. Tolerates maritime exposure[75], though trees are often laid over from the base by heavy winds when they are young. The stem merely bends back to the vertical and continues growing, the bend remaining in the trunk[185]. The best trees are found in the far south of Britain, where this species often self-sows. It is very fast growing, especially when young with new annual shoots of 1 metre common[185]. It is not very long-lived in cultivation[11, 185], though trees have lived longer than 150 years in Britain. Widely cultivated in Europe for the resin obtained from the trunk and for woodpulp, it is the most widely used European species[64, 200]. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly[200]. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus[200]. Leaf secretions inhibit the germination of seeds, thereby reducing the amount of plants that can grow beneath the trees[18]. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[200]. Propagation It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is possible otherwise in late winter. A short stratification of 6 weeks at 4°c can improve the germination of stored seed[80]. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and protect them for their first winter or two[11]. Plants have a very sparse root system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions the better they will grow[K]. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm[200]. We actually plant them out when they are about 5 - 10cm tall. So long as they are given a very good weed-excluding mulch they establish very well[K]. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance[200]. Cuttings. This method only works when taken from very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are normally slow to grow away[81]. Links References [K] Ken Fern Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips. [1] F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951 Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaces in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]). [4] Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants. [11] Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981 A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures. [18] Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979 Details of beneficial and antagonistic relationships between neighbouring plants. [49] Arnold-Forster. Shrubs for the Milder Counties. 0 Trees and shrubs that grow well in Cornwall and other mild areas of Britain. Fairly good, a standard reference book. [50] ? Flora Europaea Cambridge University Press 1964 An immense work in 6 volumes (including the index). The standard reference flora for europe, it is very terse though and with very little extra information. Not for the casual reader. [59] Thurston. Trees and Shrubs in Cornwall. 0 Trees and shrubs that succeed in Cornwall based on the authors own observations. Good but rather dated. [64] Howes. F. N. Vegetable Gums and Resins. Faber 0 A very good book dealing with the subject in a readable way. [75] Rosewarne experimental horticultural station. Shelter Trees and Hedges. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1984 A small booklet packed with information on trees and shrubs for hedging and shelterbelts in exposed maritime areas. [80] McMillan-Browse. P. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books 1985 ISBN 0-901361-21-6 Does not deal with many species but it is very comprehensive on those that it does cover. Not for casual reading. [81] Rushforth. K. Conifers. Christopher Helm 1987 ISBN 0-7470-2801-X Deals with conifers that can be grown outdoors in Britain. Good notes on cultivation and a few bits about plant uses. [89] Polunin. O. and Huxley. A. Flowers of the Mediterranean. Hogarth Press 1987 ISBN 0-7012-0784-1 A very readable pocket flora that is well illustrated. Gives some information on plant uses. [100] Polunin. O. Flowers of Europe - A Field Guide. Oxford University Press 1969 ISBN 0192176218 An excellent and well illustrated pocket guide for those with very large pockets. Also gives some details on plant uses. [168] Grae. I. Nature's Colors - Dyes from Plants. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. 1974 ISBN 0-02-544950-8 A very good and readable book on dyeing. [185] Mitchell. A. F. Conifers in the British Isles. HMSO 1975 ISBN 0-11-710012-9 A bit out of date (first published in 1972), but an excellent guide to how well the various species of conifers grow in Britain giving locations of trees. [200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5 Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed. [201] Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers Ltd. 1993 ISBN 0-304-34324-2 A well produced and very readable book. [222] Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990 ISBN 0395467225 A concise book dealing with almost 500 species. A line drawing of each plant is included plus colour photographs of about 100 species. Very good as a field guide, it only gives brief details about the plants medicinal properties.